Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Insun Kim

39 Articles

The Significance of MicroRNA Let-7b, miR-30c, and miR-200c Expression in Breast Cancers.: Sung Min Chun, Hee Jung Park, Chul Hwan Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(4):354-360.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.4.354

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BACKGROUND
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of noncoding protein RNA as a promising biomarker for various diseases. In this study, the expression of let-7b, miR-30c, and miR-200c was studied in breast cancer tissues to evaluate the potential relationship with known clinicopathological parameters.
METHODS
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the expression level of three miRNAs in 37 pairs of noncancerous normal and cancer tissues and an additional 38 cancer tissues from patients with invasive ductal carcinoma.
RESULTS
miR-200c expression was higher in cancer tissues compared to noncancerous normal tissues, and its ratio was correlated with patient age at surgery, type of surgery, and Ki-67 expression. The expression level of let-7b in cancer tissues was inversely correlated with lymph node metastasis, histological grade, and Ki-67 expression but positively correlated with estrogen and progesterone receptor expression. miR-200c expression level was positively correlated with Her-2 expression. The miR-30c expression level in breast cancer was not correlated with any parameters.
CONCLUSIONS
miR-200c and let-7b could be used as biomarkers in patients with breast cancer, but its pathological mechanism should be determined.

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High DRC Levels Are Associated with Let-7b Overexpression in Women with Breast Cancer
Jarline Encarnación, Carmen Ortiz, Ralphdy Vergne, Wanda Vargas, Domenico Coppola, Jaime Matta
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2016; 17(6): 865. CrossRef

Association of CD57+ Natural Killer Cells with Better Overall Survival in DLBCL Patients.: Jeong Hyeon Lee, Yoon Jin Kwak, Chul Hwan Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(4):361-370.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.4.361

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Malignant tumor cells may evoke the innate and adaptive immune systems. Various immune cells are involved in this immune reaction, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells are associated with patient prognosis for solid tumors.
METHODS
Seventy-eight patients who were diagnosed with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) between 2001 and 2009 were selected. CD57+ NK cells, CD68+ tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were evaluated in tissue sections using immunohistochemical staining and compared with clinical parameters including age, gender, performance status, clinical stage, serum lactic dehydrogenase level, number of extranodal sites, international prognostic index score, chemotherapy response, and survival.
RESULTS
Patients with high numbers of CD57+ NK cells had a significantly higher overall survival rate than patients with low numbers of CD57+ NK cells. However, no significant difference was observed between the number of CD57+ NK cells and other prognostic parameters. The number of CD68+ TAMs and CD4+ or CD8+ T cells was not significantly correlated with prognostic factors in patients with DLBCL.
CONCLUSIONS
An evaluation of tumor infiltrating CD57+ NK cells is recommended as a prognostic indicator in patients with DLBCL.

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The prognostic value of tumor-associated macrophages detected by immunostaining in diffuse large B cell lymphoma: A meta-analysis
Mei Lin, Shupei Ma, Lingling Sun, Zhiqiang Qin
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

WHO Classification of Malignant Lymphomas in Korea: Report of the Third Nationwide Study.: Jin Man Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Seung Sook Lee, Jooryung Huh, Chang Suk Kang, Chul Woo Kim, Yun Kyung Kang, Jai Hyang Go, Min Kyung Kim, Wan Seop Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Jong Hee Nam, Hyung Bae Moon, Chan Kum Park, Tae In Park, Young Ha Oh, Dong Wha Lee, Jong Sil Lee, Juhie Lee, Hyekyung Lee, Sung Chul Lim, Kyu Yun Jang, Hee Kyung Chang, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Hye Ra Jung, Min Sun Cho, Hee Jeong Cha, Suk Jin Choi, Jae Ho Han, Sook Hee Hong, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(3):254-260.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.3.254

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BACKGROUND
The aim of study was to determine the relative frequency of malignant lymphoma according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification in Korea.
METHODS
A total of 3,998 cases diagnosed at 31 institutes between 2005 and 2006 were enrolled. Information including age, gender, pathologic diagnosis, site of involvement and immunophenotypes were obtained.
RESULTS
The relative frequency of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) was 95.4% and 4.6%, respectively. B-cell lymphomas accounted for 77.6% of all NHL, while T/natural killer (T/NK)-cell lymphomas accounted for 22.4%. The most frequent subtypes of NHL were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (42.7%), extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (19.0%), NK/T-cell lymphoma (6.3%) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), unspecified (6.3%), in decreasing order. The relative frequency of HL was nodular sclerosis (47.4%), mixed cellularity (30.6%), and nodular lymphocyte predominant (12.1%) subtypes. Compared with a previous study in 1998, increase in gastric MZBCL and nodular sclerosis HL, and slight decrease of follicular lymphoma, PTCL, and NK/T-cell lymphoma were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Korea had lower rates of HL and follicular lymphoma, and higher rates of extranodal NHL, extranodal MZBCL, and NK/T-cell lymphoma of nasal type compared with Western countries. Changes in the relative frequency of lymphoma subtypes are likely ascribed to refined diagnostic criteria and a change in national health care policy.

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Pattern of Bone Marrow Involvement in B-cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Experience from a Tertiary Care Center in North India
Shareefa Akhter, Nusrat Bashir, MohmadHussain Mir, Fahim Manzoor, Maniza Ayub, MalikTariq Rasool, Sheikh Bilal
Journal of Radiation and Cancer Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification and overcoming rituximab resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma using next-generation sequencing
Min Ji Jeon, Eun Sang Yu, Chul Won Choi, Dae Sik Kim
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2023; 38(6): 893. CrossRef
Estimating the global burden of Epstein–Barr virus-related cancers
Yide Wong, Michael T. Meehan, Scott R. Burrows, Denise L. Doolan, John J. Miles
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2022; 148(1): 31. CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: A Population-Based Study
Shuo Liu, Weiping Liu, Huichao Li, Lei Yang, Yuqin Song, Xi Zhang, Yangyang Cheng, Qingyu Li, Haoxin Li, Ning Wang, Jun Zhu, Jiafu Ji
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Structure and Function of Ligand CX3CL1 and its Receptor CX3CR1 in Cancer
Xinjie Lu
Current Medicinal Chemistry.2022; 29(41): 6228. CrossRef
Clinical course of duodenal mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: Comparison with gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
Hee Kyong Na, Sung Hyun Won, Ji Yong Ahn, Ga Hee Kim, Kee Wook Jung, Jeong Hoon Lee, Do Hoon Kim, Kee Don Choi, Ho June Song, Gin Hyug Lee, Hwoon‐Yong Jung, Hwa Jung Kim
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2021; 36(2): 406. CrossRef
Real-world data on the survival outcome of patients with newly diagnosed Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Jang Ho Cho, Joon-Ho Shim, Sang Eun Yoon, Hee-Jin Kim, Sun-Hee Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Seung-Tae Lee, Kihyun Kim, Won Seog Kim, Seok Jin Kim
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2021; 36(3): 668. CrossRef
Primary Gastrointestinal T/NK Cell Lymphoma
Eun Kyung Kim, Mi Jang, Woo Ick Yang, Sun Och Yoon
Cancers.2021; 13(11): 2679. CrossRef
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma of the Cheek Mimicking Benign Entities: a Case Report
Hyun Hwang, Jae Ho Shin, Yon Kwon Ihn, Sungjun Han, Hong Sik Park
Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging.2021; 25(2): 129. CrossRef
Classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the Middle Euphrates Region of Iraq according to the World Health Organization classification
Ahmed Mjali, AlyaaHadi Oudah, HaiderHasan Jaleel Al-Shammari, NareenTawfeeq Abbas
Iraqi Journal of Hematology.2021; 10(2): 170. CrossRef
Epstein-Barr virus NK and T cell lymphoproliferative disease: report of a 2018 international meeting
Jeffrey I. Cohen, Keiji Iwatsuki, Young-Hyeh Ko, Hiroshi Kimura, Irini Manoli, Koichi Ohshima, Stefania Pittaluga, Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez, Elaine S. Jaffe
Leukemia & Lymphoma.2020; 61(4): 808. CrossRef
Cutaneous lymphoma in Japan, 2012–2017: A nationwide study
Kazuyasu Fujii, Toshihisa Hamada, Takatoshi Shimauchi, Jun Asai, Yasuhiro Fujisawa, Hironobu Ihn, Norito Katoh
Journal of Dermatological Science.2020; 97(3): 187. CrossRef
Practical Approach to the Histologic Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Lymphomas Through the First-line Marker Battery of CD20, CD3, CD30, and Epstein-Barr Virus–encoded RNAs
Eun Kyung Kim, Woo Ick Yang, Hyang Joo Ryu, Hee Lee Ji, Sun Och Yoon
Advances in Anatomic Pathology.2020; 27(2): 75. CrossRef
Treatment of mantle cell lymphoma in Asia: a consensus paper from the Asian Lymphoma Study Group
Dok Hyun Yoon, Junning Cao, Tsai-Yun Chen, Koji Izutsu, Seok Jin Kim, Yok Lam Kwong, Tong Yu Lin, Lim Soon Thye, Bing Xu, Deok Hwan Yang, Won Seog Kim
Journal of Hematology & Oncology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Morphologic variant of follicular lymphoma reminiscent of hyaline-vascular Castleman disease
Jiwon Koh, Yoon Kyung Jeon
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2020; 54(3): 253. CrossRef
Discovery of Novel Recurrent Mutations and Clinically Meaningful Subgroups in Nodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Jiwon Koh, Insoon Jang, Seongmin Choi, Sehui Kim, Ingeon Jang, Hyun Kyung Ahn, Cheol Lee, Jin Ho Paik, Chul Woo Kim, Megan S. Lim, Kwangsoo Kim, Yoon Kyung Jeon
Cancers.2020; 12(6): 1669. CrossRef
Clinicopathological and Immunophenotype Spectrum of Malignant Lymphoma in Eastern India Population – A Tertiary Care Hospital Study
Debahuti Mohapatra, Rajashree Tripathy, Prateek Das, Pallak Batalia
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare.2020; 7(38): 2120. CrossRef
Cost-utility analysis of pralatrexate for relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma based on a case-matched historical control study along with single arm clinical trial
Seonyoung Park, Ah-Young Kim, Hyeonseok Cho, Deborah Baik, Hankil Lee, Sunghwa Cho, Hye-Young Kang
BMC Cancer.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: A case series at a tertiary care hospital
Pomilla Singh, Ravi Swami, Shashank Singh, N S Mani, M N Karandikar
IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research.2020; 5(4): 302. CrossRef
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Pediatrics International.2019; 61(1): 49. CrossRef
Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated T and NK-Cell Lymphoproliferative Diseases
Wook Youn Kim, Ivonne A. Montes-Mojarro, Falko Fend, Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
Frontiers in Pediatrics.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Heejung Chae, Dok Hyun Yoon
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2019; 94(2): 152. CrossRef
Classification of malignant lymphoma subtypes in Korean patients: a report of the 4th nationwide study
Hye-Ra Jung, Jooryung Huh, Young-Hyeh Ko, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Sun Och Yoon, Se Hoon Kim, Woo Ick Yang, Geongsin Park, Jo Heon Kim, Jin Ho Paik, Jae Ho Han, Hee Jung Cha, Kyu Yun Jang, Bong-Kyung Shin, Young-A Kim, Ji Eun Kim, Yoo Duk Choi, Min Gyoung Park, H
Journal of Hematopathology.2019; 12(4): 173. CrossRef
Phase II study of R–CVP followed by rituximab maintenance therapy for patients with advanced marginal zone lymphoma: consortium for improving survival of lymphoma (CISL) study
Sung Yong Oh, Won Seog Kim, Jin Seok Kim, Seok Jin Kim, Dok Hyun Yoon, Deok‐Hwan Yang, Won Sik Lee, Hyo Jung Kim, Ho‐Young Yhim, Seong Hyun Jeong, Jong Ho Won, Suee Lee, Jee Hyun Kong, Sung‐Nam Lim, Jun Ho Ji, Kyung A. Kwon, Gyeong‐Won Lee, Jae Hoon Lee,
Cancer Communications.2019; 39(1): 1. CrossRef
Changing trends in lymphoid neoplasm distribution in South Korea: analysis of 8615 cases from a single institute, 1997–2016
Jongmin Sim, Takuya Takayama, Junhun Cho, Seok Jin Kim, Won Seog Kim, Howe J. Ree, Young Hyeh Ko
Medicine.2019; 98(45): e17641. CrossRef
Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in South East Asia: An analysis of the histopathology, clinical features, and survival from Thailand
Tanin Intragumtornchai, Udomsak Bunworasate, Kitsada Wudhikarn, Arnuparp Lekhakula, Jakrawadi Julamanee, Kanchana Chansung, Chittima Sirijerachai, Lalita Norasetthada, Weerasak Nawarawong, Archrob Khuhapinant, Noppadol Siritanaratanakul, Tontanai Numbenja
Hematological Oncology.2018; 36(1): 28. CrossRef
Prevalence and Implications of Bone Marrow Involvement in Patients with Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Sang Il Choi, Myeong-Cherl Kook, Sanghyun Hwang, Young-Il Kim, Jong Yeul Lee, Chan Gyoo Kim, Il Ju Choi, Hyewon Lee, Hyeon Seok Eom, Soo-Jeong Cho
Gut and Liver.2018; 12(3): 278. CrossRef
A Case of Synchronous Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
Seung Jae Lee, Si Young Lim, Tae Kyung Yoo, Seul Ki Kim, You Gyung Kim, Hyun Joo Lee, Jae Uk Song
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2018; 93(3): 300. CrossRef
A risk stratification model for nodal peripheral T-cell lymphomas based on the NCCN-IPI and posttreatment Deauville score
Ho-Young Yhim, Yong Park, Yeon-Hee Han, Sungeun Kim, Sae-Ryung Kang, Joon-Ho Moon, Ju Hye Jeong, Ho-Jin Shin, Keunyoung Kim, Yoon Seok Choi, Kunho Kim, Min Kyoung Kim, Eunjung Kong, Dae Sik Kim, Jae Seon Eo, Ji Hyun Lee, Do-Young Kang, Won Sik Lee, Seok M
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.2018; 45(13): 2274. CrossRef
Low-grade follicular lymphoma involvement of the bone marrow with a mixed paratrabecular, diffuse, and massive pattern expressing typical mantle cell lymphoma immunophenotype CD23−/FMC7+: a case report
Jaewook Kim, Ji-Hun Lim, Joseph Jeong, Seon-Ho Lee, Jae-Cheol Jo, Sang Hyuk Park
Blood Research.2018; 53(3): 261. CrossRef
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Renata D. Mazaro, Isis P.J. Rizkallah, Flávia S. Luz, Douglas M. Lorensetti, Bruno Cogliati, Rafael A. Fighera
Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira.2018; 38(9): 1772. CrossRef
Serious fungal infections in Korea
K. Huh, Y. E. Ha, D. W. Denning, K. R. Peck
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.2017; 36(6): 957. CrossRef
Epidural Lymphoma Mimicking Hematoma: A Case Report
Dong-Yeong Lee, Soon-Taek Jeong, Kun-Tae Kim, Jung-Wook Yang, Dong-Hee Kim
Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery.2017; 24(1): 49. CrossRef
Geographical Correlations between Indoor Radon Concentration and Risks of Lung Cancer, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, and Leukemia during 1999–2008 in Korea
Mina Ha, Seung-sik Hwang, Sungchan Kang, No-Wook Park, Byung-Uck Chang, Yongjae Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2017; 14(4): 344. CrossRef
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Benign Indolent CD56-Positive NK-Cell Lymphoproliferative Lesion Involving Gastrointestinal Tract in an Adolescent
Jaemoon Koh, Heounjeong Go, Won Ae Lee, Yoon Kyung Jeon
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Peripheral T cell lymphoma in Asia
Sanghui Park, Young Hyeh Ko
International Journal of Hematology.2014; 99(3): 227. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Pathology.2011; 45(6): 589. CrossRef

Immunohistochemical Identification of Pneumocystis jirovecii in Liquid-based Cytology of Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Nine Cases Report.: Jeong Hyeon Lee, Ji Young Lee, Mi Ran Shin, Hyeong Kee Ahn, Chul Whan Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(1):115-118.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.1.115

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Abstract PDF

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, which is specific to humans. PCP could be a source of opportunistic infection in adults that are immunosuppressed and children with prematurity or malnutrition. The diagnosis should be confirmed by identification of the causative organism, by analysis of the sputum, a bronchoalveolar lavage or a tissue biopsy. In both histologic and cytologic specimens, the cysts are contained within frothy exudates, which form aggregated clumps. The cysts often collapse forming crescent-shaped bodies that resemble ping-pong balls. We recently diagnosed nine cases of PCP using an immunohistochemical stain for Pneumocystis. The patients consisted of five human immunodeficiency virus positive individuals, two renal transplant recipients, and two patients with a malignant disease. All nine patients were infected with P. jirovecii, which was positive for monoclonal antibody 3F6. In conclusion, the immunohistochemical stain used in this report is a new technique for the detection of P. jirovecii infection.

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Ji-Youn Sung, Joungho Han, Young Lyun Oh, Gee Young Suh, Kyeongman Jeon, Taeeun Kim
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2011; 71(5): 322. CrossRef

Korean Pediatric/Adolescent Lymphoma: Incidence and Pathologic Characteristics.: Seung Sook Lee, Jin Man Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Jooryung Huh, Chang Suk Kang, Chul Woo Kim, Yun Kyung Kang, Jai Hyang Go, Min Kyung Kim, Wan Seop Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Jong Hee Nam, Hyung Bae Moon, Chan Kum Park, Tae In Park, Young Ha Oh, Dong Wha Lee, Jong Sil Lee, Juhie Lee, Hyekyung Lee, Sung Chul Lim, Kyu Yun Jang, Hee Kyung Chang, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Hye Ra Jung, Min Sun Cho, Hee Jeong Cha, Suk Jin Choi, Jae Ho Han, Sook Hee Hong, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(2):117-124.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.2.117

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The Hematopathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists conducted a nation-wide retrospective analysis of Korean pediatric lymphoma, to provide pathologic data on pediatric/adolescent lymphoma subtypes and features.
METHODS
All lymphoma cases of all age groups were collected during a recent 2 year-period (2005-2006) from 32 institutes in Korea. Among 3,686 lymphoma patients, 142 who were age 18 or less were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification.
RESULTS
Among 142 pediatric/adolescent lymphoma patients, Hodgkin lymphoma accounted for 21 (14.8%) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) for 121 (85.2%). Hodgkin lymphoma appears to be more common in the pediatric/adolescent age group than in the all-ages group (14.8% vs 4.4%). T- and natural killer cell-NHL was more common in the pediatric/adolescent age group than in the all ages group (46.3% vs 22%). The majority of Korean pediatric/adolescent NHL cases was composed of Burkitt lymphoma, T- or B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. For lymphoma patients under the age of 6 years, most had B-lymphoblastic or Burkitt lymphoma, which commonly presented at extranodal sites.
CONCLUSIONS
The distribution of lymphoma subtypes in the pediatric/adolescent age group is quite different from the distribution of adults, but it was quite similar to distribution in Western countries.

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A Case of Nasal Type Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma Incidentally Detected in a Child
Ha Jin Oh, Sang Hyun Park, Hae In Jang, Dong Hoon Lee, Yoo Duk Choi, Hee Jo Baek, Hoon Kook
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology.2015; 22(1): 76. CrossRef

The EGFR Protein Expression and the Gene Copy Number Changes in Renal Cell Carcinomas.: Sangho Lee, Jungsuk An, Aeree Kim, Young Sik Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(5):413-419.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.5.413

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is known to be involved in many tumor promoting activities. EGFR inhibition has been tried as a therapeutic modality in many human malignancies.
METHODS
The expression of EGFR protein and the gene copy number changes were studied in 135 clear cell carcinomas and 16 papillary renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), and these tumors were diagnosed between 1995 and 1997.
RESULTS
An EGFR protein expression (2+ and 3+) was found in 54.1% of the clear cell RCCs and in 43.8% of the papillary RCCs. In the clear cell RCCs, its expression was associated with male gender, the tumor size (> or =4 cm) and high T stages (T2 and T3), with statistical significance. Trisomy and polysomy of the EGFR gene were found in 27 (25.7%) and 40 (38.1%) of 105 clear cell RCCs, respectively. Trisomy and polysomy were correlated with an EGFR protein expression and a high clinical T stage, with statistical significance. Among 15 papillary RCCs, 13 tumors showed trisomy (86.7%) and one showed polysomy (6.7%). Amplification was not found in both the clear cell and papillary type RCCs.
CONCLUSIONS
A considerable numbers of RCCs showed an overexpression of EGFR protein and increased EGFR gene copy numbers, yet the clinical significance of conducting a FISH study in RCC patients seems to be limited.

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EGFR protein overexpression correlates with chromosome 7 polysomy and poor prognostic parameters in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Gordana Đorđević, Koviljka Matušan Ilijaš, Ita Hadžisejdić, Anton Maričić, Blaženka Grahovac, Nives Jonjić
Journal of Biomedical Science.2012;[Epub] CrossRef

Extramedullary B Lymphoblastic Crisis of CML, Presenting as a Leptomeningeal Tumor: A Case Report.: Hoiseon Jeong, Bongkyung Shin, Sook Young Bae, Sangho Lee, Youngjune Ryu, Hankyeom Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(5):482-488.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.5.482

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Abstract PDF: We report here on a rare case of a patient who presented with an extramedullary B lymphoblastic crisis as an initial manifestation of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). A 71-year-old man visited the emergency room due to suddenly developed dysarthria and right side weakness. Emergency craniotomy was done under the presumptive diagnosis of subdural hemorrhage. During the operation, a poorly demarcated firm mass was identified in the leptomeningeal space. Microscopically, the majority of the tumor was composed of monotonous immature cells with blast morphology, and these cells were immunoreactive for TdT, CD34, CD10 and CD20, indicating the precursor B-cell phenotype. The peripheral area of the tumor consisted of myeloid cells in various stages of maturation, and these cells were reactive for myeloperoxidase, chloroacetate esterase, CD43 and CD15. FISH analysis using the LSI bcr-abl dual color probe showed gene fusion signals in both the B-lymphoblasts and myeloid cells. The peripheral blood and bone marrow findings were consistent with CML with no evidence of a blast crisis. Cytogenetic study of the bone marrow demonstrated the 46, XY, t(9;22)(q34;q11) chromosome. A diagnosis of extramedullary B lymphoblastic blast crisis in a patient with Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML was made. Despite treatment, the patient died 3 months after he was diagnosed.

Malignant Glomus Tumors of the Stomach: A Report of 2 Cases with Multiple Metastases.: Hyunjoo Lee, Yoon Seok Choi, Sang Cheul Oh, Jong Jae Park, Chul Whan Kim, Han Kyeom Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(4):358-363.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.4.358

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Abstract PDF

Glomus tumors are mesenchymal neoplasms usually developing in the dermis or subcutis of the extremities. The majority of glomus tumors are entirely benign, and malignant glomus tumors are very rare, especially those arising in the visceral organs. Here, we are presenting two cases of malignant glomus tumor, initially diagnosed in the stomach by endoscopic biopsy. Case 1 was found in the stomach, right kidney, brain and humerus of a 65-year-old woman, and Case 2 in the stomach and liver of a 63-year-old man. Histologically, the tumor was composed of solid sheets and nests of round and short-spindle shaped tumor cells with vesicular nucleus and prominent nucleolus. The tumor cells were closely admixed with blood vessels of varying size. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed diffuse and strong positive staining for smooth muscle actin and paranuclear, dot-like staining for synaptophysin, but negative for desmin, c-kit, CD34 and S-100 protein. These two are rare cases of a malignant glomus tumor with widespread metastases.

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Clinicopathologic features of gastric glomus tumor: A report of 15 cases and literature review
Minying Deng, Rongkui Luo, Jie Huang, Yuanlong Luo, Qi Song, Huaiyu Liang, Chen Xu, Wei Yuan, Yingyong Hou
Pathology and Oncology Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Glomus Tumor of the Stomach: A Systematic Review and Illustrative Case Report
Andrea Pansa, Laura Samà, Laura Ruspi, Federico Sicoli, Ferdinando Carlo Maria Cananzi, Vittorio Quagliuolo
Digestive Diseases.2023; 41(1): 17. CrossRef
Locally Advanced Glomus Tumor of the Stomach With Synchronous Liver Metastases: Case Report and Literature Review
Fabio Frosio, Carmine Petruzziello, Elia Poiasina, Michele Pisano, Alessandro Lucianetti
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Gastric Glomus Tumor: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of 21 Cases
Jun Lin, Juan Shen, Hao Yue, Qiongqiong Li, Yuqing Cheng, Mengyun Zhou
BioMed Research International.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Malignant glomus tumor of the gastric antrum with hepatic metastases: a case report and literature review
Adina A. Bodolan, Rebecca Wilcox, Michelle X. Yang
Human Pathology: Case Reports.2018; 14: 81. CrossRef

Pathological Characteristics of 20 Cases of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and Specificity of Immunohistochemical Stain of Langerin (CD207).: Youngjoon Ryu, Hyunjoo Lee, Sangho Lee, Hoiseon Jeong, Bongkyung Shin, Aeree Kim, Hankyeom Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(2):113-119.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.2.113

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a well-known neoplastic disorder of Langerhans cells which has characteristic findings, however, LCH has not been adequately studied in Korea.
METHODS
We analyzed the clinicopathologic features of 20 patients with LCH who were diagnosed between 1997 and 2006 at the Korea University Guro and Anam Hospitals.
RESULTS
The M:F ratio was 3:1 and the age ranged from 2-60 years (mean, 23.8 years [4 in 1st decade, 6 in 2nd decade, 2 in 3rd decade, 5 in 4th decade and 3> or =40 years of age). The cases were classified as unifocal unisystemic in 13 patients, multifocal unisystemic in 4 patients, and multifocal multisystemic in 3 patients. The bone was the most commonly involved organ (14), followed by lymph node (5), lung (2), skin (2) and ureter (1). The Langerhans cells were immunohistochemically stained with Langerin, CD1a, S-100 protein, and CD68. Langerin and CD1a were specific for Langerhans cells.
CONCLUSIONS
The distribution of the involved organs in patients with LCH was similar to the distribution in Western countries, but lymph node involvement was more frequent, whereas lung involvement was less common. Langerin is considered to be a specific marker for Langerhans cells.

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Treatment Outcome of Langerhans Cell Histocytosis
So Hak Chung, Jae Do Kim, Hyun Ik Jo
The Journal of the Korean Bone and Joint Tumor Society.2014; 20(1): 14. CrossRef

A Multiinstitutional Consensus Study on the Pathologic Diagnosis of Endometrial Hyperplasia and Carcinoma.: Kwang Sun Suh, Insun Kim, Moon Hyang Park, Geung Hwan Ahn, Jin Hee Sohn, In Ae Park, Hye Kyoung Yoon, Kyu Rae Kim, Hee Jung An, Dong Won Kim, Mi Jin Kim, Hee Jae Joo, Eun Kyung Kim, Young Hee Choi, Chong Woo Yoo, Kyung Un Choi, Sang Yeop Yi, Hye Sun Kim, Sung Ran Hong, Hee Jeong Lee, Sun Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(2):87-93.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to examine the reproducibility of both the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) or adenocarcinoma, and the histologic grading (HG) of endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EC).
METHODS
Ninety-three cases of EH or adenocarcinomas were reviewed independently by 21 pathologists of the Gynecologic Pathology Study Group. A consensus diagnosis was defined as agreement among more than two thirds of the 21 pathologists.
RESULTS
There was no agreement on the diagnosis in 13 cases (14.0%). According to the consensus review, six of the 11 EH cases (54.5%) were diagnosed as EH, 48 of the 57 EC cases (84.2%) were EC, and 5 of the 6 serous carcinomas (SC) (83.3%) were SC. There was no consensus for the 6 atypical EH (AEH) cases. On the HG of EC, there was no agreement in 2 cases (3.5%). According to the consensus review, 30 of the 33 G1 cases (90.9%) were G1, 11 of the 18 G2 cases (61.1%) were G2, and 4 of the 4 G3 cases (100.0%) were G3.
CONCLUSIONS
The consensus study showed high agreement for both EC and SC, but there was no consensus for AEH. The reproducibility for the HG of G2 was poor. We suggest that simplification of the classification of EH and a two-tiered grading system for EC will be necessary.

Adenomyoma of Endocervical Type in a First-Trimester Gravid Uterine Corpus: A Brief Report.: Hyunchul Kim, Hoiseon Jeong, Sangho Lee, Young Seok Lee, Bong Kyung Shin, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(2):123-124.

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Abstract PDF: Uterine adenomyoma is a neoplasm that is composed of endometrial glands and smooth muscle, and this is found in the uterine corpus; however, the glandular component is occasionally of mucin-secreting endocervical type. We describe here a case of uterine adenomyoma of the endocervical type, and this presented in a 38-year-old pregnant woman.

Detecting Malignant Urothelial Cells by Morphometric Analysis of ThinPrep(R) Liquid-based Urine Cytology Specimens.: Bong Kyung Shin, Young Suk Lee, Hoiseon Jeong, Sang Ho Lee, Hyunchul Kim, Aree Kim, Insun Kim, Han Kyeom Kim; Korean J Cytopathol. 2008;19(2):136-143.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3338/kjc.2008.19.2.136

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Abstract PDF

Urothelial carcinoma accounts for 90% of all the cases of bladder cancer. Although many cases can be easily managed by local excision, urothelial carcinoma rather frequently recurs, tends to progress to muscle invasion, and requires regular follow-ups. Urine cytology is a main approach for the follow-up of bladder tumors. It is noninvasive, but it has low sensitivity of around 50% with using the conventional cytospin preparation. Liquid-based cytology (LBC) has been developed as a replacement for the conventional technique. We compared the cytomorphometric parameters of ThinPrep(R) and cytospin preparation urine cytology to see whether there are definite differences between the two methods and which technique allows malignant cells to be more effectively discriminated from benign cells. The nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio value, as measured by digital image analysis, was efficient for differentiating malignant and benign urothelial cells, and this was irrespective of the preparation method and the tumor grade. Neither the ThinPrep(R) nor the conventional preparation cytology was definitely superior for distinguishing malignant cells from benign cells by cytomorphometric analysis of the adequately preserved cells. However, the ThinPrep(R) preparation showed significant advantages when considering the better preservation and cellularity with a clear background.

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Comparison of diagnostic accuracy between CellprepPlus® and ThinPrep® liquid‐based preparations in effusion cytology
Yong‐Moon Lee, Ji‐Yong Hwang, Seung‐Myoung Son, Song‐Yi Choi, Ho‐Chang Lee, Eun‐Joong Kim, Hye‐Suk Han, Jin young An, Joung‐Ho Han, Ok‐Jun Lee
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2014; 42(5): 384. CrossRef
A Comparison Between ThinPrep Monolayer and Cytospin Cytology for the Detection of Bladder Cancer
Ji Yong Kim, Hyung Jin Kim
Korean Journal of Urology.2014; 55(6): 390. CrossRef
Cytological and Morphometric Study of Urinary Epithelial Cells with Histopathological Correlation
Asim Kumar Manna, Manisha Sarkar, Ujjal Bandyopadhyay, Srabani Chakrabarti, Swapan Pathak, Diptendra Kumar Sarkar
Indian Journal of Surgery.2014; 76(1): 26. CrossRef
Evaluation of Urine Cytology in Urothelial Carcinoma Patients: A Comparison of CellprepPlus® Liquid-Based Cytology and Conventional Smear
Seung-Myoung Son, Ji Hae Koo, Song-Yi Choi, Ho-Chang Lee, Yong-Moon Lee, Hyung Geun Song, Hae-Kyung Hwang, Hye-Suk Han, Seok-Joong Yun, Wun-Jae Kim, Eun-Joong Kim, Ok-Jun Lee
Korean Journal of Pathology.2012; 46(1): 68. CrossRef

Cytologic Features of Ascitic Fluid Complicated by Small Cell Variant T-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia: A Case Report.: Mee Ja Park, Insun Kim, Seung Yong Paik; Korean J Cytopathol. 2008;19(2):168-172.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3338/kjc.2008.19.2.168

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Abstract PDF: T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare, mature T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with a post-thymic mature T-cell phenotype. The disease is characterized by rapidly rising lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly. The clinical course is usually aggressive and progresses with frequent skin lesions and serous effusions. In 25% of cases, leukemic cells are small and tumor cells may not have a discrete nucleolus under light microscopy. Although the presence of characteristic cytoplasmic protrusions or blebs in tumor cells is a common morphologic finding in the peripheral blood film irrespective of the nuclear features, small cell variants lacking the typical nuclear features can cause diagnostic problems in clinical cytology. Furthermore, the small leukemic cells can share some cytologic findings with lymphocyte-rich serous effusions caused by non-neoplastic reactive lymphocytosis as well as other small lymphocytic lymphoproliferative disorders. Here, we describe the cytological findings of ascitic fluid complicated by small cell variant T-PLL in a 54-year-old man, the cytology of which was initially interpreted as small lymphocytic malignancy such as small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

The Clinicopathological Characteristics of Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors; An Analysis of 65 Cases.: Hyunjoo Lee, Jungwoo Choi, Jung Suk An, Hyunchul Kim, Bong Kyung Shin, Aeree Kim, Hankyeom Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2007;41(3):149-157.

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Abstract PDF: Background
: This study was designed to investigate gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors with an emphasis on their clinicopathological characteristics.
Methods
: Sixty-five cases were reviewed and classified as typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and small cell carcinoma (SmCC). We performed immunohistochemistry to characterize the expression of the immunoreactivity for synaptophysin, chromogranin, gastrin, somatostatin, thyroid transcription factor-1, p53 and Ki-67.
Results
: Most commonly, the tumors were located in the rectum (54%), followed by the stomach (23%) and colon (9%). Histologically, the tumors were classified as 49 TCs, 4 ACs, 6 LCNECs and 6 SmCCs. Most tumors were stained positive for synaptophysin and/or chromogranin. Four LCNECs and one SmCC were p53-positive. The carcinoids revealed a low level (<5%) of reactivity for Ki-67, while > or =30% of the cells showed reactivity for Ki-67 in the majority of LCNECs and SmCCs. Six patients with metastatic carcinoids were older than those patients without metastasis (64 vs 48 years, respectively, p=0.004). Furthermore, the size of tumors was larger for the patients with metastatic carcinoids than for the patients with nonmetastatic carcinoids (2.3 vs 0.5 cm, respectively, p=0.005).
Conclusion
: Old age, large tumor size and muscle invasion are associated with high grade neuroendocrine tumor and lymph node metastasis for those patients with carcinoids.

Micropapillary Variant of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder: Report of a Case with Cytologic Diagnosis in Urine Specimen.: Young Seok Lee, Hyunjoo Lee, Jung Woo Choi, Bongkyung Shin, Hankyem Kim, Insun Kim, Aeree Kim; Korean J Cytopathol. 2006;17(1):46-50.

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Abstract PDF: A micropapillary variant of urothelial carcinoma (MPC) is a distinct entity with an aggressive clinical course. It has a micropapillary configuration resembling that of ovarian papillary serous carcinoma. Its cytologic features have rarely been reported. We report a case of MPC detected by urine cytology. A woman aged 93 years presented with a chief complaint of macroscopic hematuria. Cytology of her voided urine showed clusters of malignant cells in a micropapillary configuration. Each tumor cell had a vacuolated cytoplasm, a high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, and irregular hyperchromatic nuclei. An ureteroscopic examination revealed exophytic sessile papillary masses extending from the left lateral wall to the anterolateral wall of the urinary bladder. A transurethral resection of the tumor was carried out. The tumor was characterized by delicate papillae with a thin, well-developed fibrovascular stromal core and numerous secondary micropapillae lined with small cuboidal cells containing uniform low- to intermediate-grade nuclei and occasional intracytoplasmic mucinous inclusions. These tumor cells infiltrated the muscle layers of the bladder, and lymphatic tumor emboli were frequently seen. Recognizing that the presence of MPC components in urinary cytology is important for distinguishing this lesion from low-grade papillary lesions and high-grade urothelial carcinomas can result in early detection and earlier treatment for an improved treatment outcome.

Management and Ethics of Biobank; Biorepository.: Bong Kyung Shin, Jung Woo Choi, Hyunjuu Lee, Aree Kim, Insun Kim, Han Kyeom Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2005;39(6):372-378.

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Abstract PDF: Research access to a large number of high-quality biospecimen, adequately annotated and ethically acquired, is critical to an improved understanding of disease and ultimately new development of effective diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Therefore, the importance of biobanking is widely recognized within the life science and healthcare communities. Resolution of the ethical issues, including informed consent, confidentiality and institutional review board approval, are probably the most important task to every biobank or biorepository. In Korea, the new, very strict ethical act on research, issued in 2005, requires researchers as well as biorepositories to know how they use or run a biorepository ethically without damaging the right of human subjects who gave the repository their biospecimen.

Expression of p63,bcl-2,bcl-6 and p16 in Basal Cell Carcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin.: Zhenlong Zheng, Youngchul Kye, Xianglan Zhang, Aeree Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2005;39(2):91-98.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the common malignant neoplasms of the skin. The p63 is a p53 homologue which is considered to be a reliable keratinocyte stem cell marker. Bcl-2 plays a key role in cell longevity by preventing apoptosis, whereas the bcl-6 gene functions as a transcriptional repressor. The p16-CDK4/6 complex arrests the cell cycle at G0 /G1 phase. In the present study, the expression of p63, bcl-2, bcl-6, and p16 in BCC and SCC was evaluated.
METHODS
Forty-seven BCCs and 43 SCCs were selected and microarrayed in paraffin blocks. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed with specific antibodies for bcl-2, bcl-6, p16 and p63.
RESULTS
p63 was found to be expressed in all BCCs and SCCs. Bcl-2 was exclusively expressed in BCCs (100%), but there was negative expression in SCCs, whereas bcl-6 was positively expressed in 18.2% of SCCs, and was negative in BCCs. In SCCs, p16 was expressed at high frequency (47.7%) than in BCCs (14.9%). The expression of p16 was correlated with the histologic grades of SCCs.
CONCLUSION
The different patterns of bcl-2, bcl-6, p63 and p16 protein expression between BCCs and SCCs may represent the different histogenesis and morphologic features of two lesions.

Paleopathologic Analysis of a Mummified Pregnant Woman of Papyung Yoon's Family.: Woon Yong Jeong, Bong Kyung Shin, Chul Hwan Kim, Insun Kim, Woo Rim Kim, Kwang Sik Choe, Chang Sub Uhm, Juck Joon Hwang, Han Kyeom Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2004;38(6):394-400.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
A mummy is a dead body of a human being or an animal that has been preserved artificially or naturally from decaying. Because the natural environment of Korea isn't appropriate for mummification and Korean people haven't artificially made mummies, mummies were rarely studied in Korea.
METHODS
On September 6, 2002, a well-preserved female mummy was found in the grave of a family in Kyunggi-do. She was submitted to a thorough autopsy examination along with the review of genealogical documents.
RESULTS
The mummy died in winter. She was pregnant and the fetal head was observed at the vaginal orifice. The uterine wall was ruptured, and the peritoneum was discolored, probably by hemorrhage. Histologically, the gastric mucosa was well preserved. On the smear cytology of gastrointestinal material and the fluid from the coffin, pollens and parasitic eggs were observed. The woman seemed to be death from hypovolemic shock due to uterine rupture during the 2nd phase of labor.
CONCLUSION
From this case, we concluded the causes of the woman's mummification included the cold and dry circumstance at the time of her death, and the thick mortared wall of the grave that completely isolated the body from the outside.

The Clinicopathologic Analysis of Kikuchi's Lymphadenitis.: Jung Woo Choi, Ji Hye Lee, Ju Han Lee, Yang Seok Chae, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2004;38(5):289-294.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Kikuchi's disease has been known as a self-limiting lymphadenitis mostly affecting the cervical lymph nodes of young women.
METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 77 cases of Kikuchi's lymphadenitis from 1996 to 2003 at Korea University Medical Center.
RESULTS
Histologically, 69 available cases were classified into three types: proliferative (60.8%), necrotizing (33.3%), and xanthomatous type (5.7%). These three types differed in terms of their clinical features, showing tenderness most predominantly in the necrotizing type. In spite of the insufficient numbers of cases, the data on the duration of the disease well correlated with the possible progression of the three histologic types (Kikuch's disease begins as proliferative type, then progress into necrotizing type and finally resolves into xanthomatous type). During the ten-month period of the mean follow-up, the recurrence rate was 7.0%. Three and two patients developed into pulmonary tuberculosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively, but there were no prognostic differences among the three types.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results confirmed that Kikuchi's lymphadenitis is a self-limiting necrotizing lymphadenitis with a low rate of recurrence. Here, we suggest that the classification of histologic types have some meanings because of their differences in certain clinical aspects and possible sequential disease progression.

Toxoplasmic Lymphadenitis with Toxoplasma Bradyzoites: A Case Report.: Hwa Eun Oh, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2004;38(5):330-332.

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Abstract PDF: Toxoplasmic lymphadenitis is the most frequently observed clinical form of acquired toxoplasmosis. It is diagnosed by observing the characteristic histopathology, performing serologic tests and demonstrating the organisms. However, detection of the organisms in lymph node section is rarely accomplished. We demonstrate a case of a toxoplasmic lymphadenitis of a 40-year-old man with bradyzoites. The histopathologic findings of the lymph nodes showed reactive follicular hyperplasia associated with the presence of irregular clusters of epithelioid histiocytes, usually located in the cortical and paracortical zones, and monocytoid B cell proliferation. We demonstrated the bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stain, and serologic testing showed positive Ig-G and Ig-M toxoplasma antibodies.

Uterine Tumor Resembling Ovarian Sex-Cord Tumor: A Case Report of the Cytologic Finding.: Insun Kim, Eun Mee Han, Woon Yong Jung, Ju Han Lee, Bum Woo Yeom; Korean J Cytopathol. 2003;14(2):71-75.

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Abstract PDF: Uterine stromal tumors with features of ovarian sex-cord differentiation are relatively rare. The neoplasms composed of sex cord-like components in more than 50% of the tumor are classified as group II. We report the cytologic findings of a case of uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex-cord tumor. The cervical smears of a 62-year-old woman with submucosal tumor showed loose aggregates of spindle cells as well as glandular or tubular structures of round cells with a distinct cell membrane and a prominent small nucleolus. Because uterine stromal tumor can have sex cord differentiation, its possibility should be considered in the interpretation of cervical smears.

Fibromatosis of the Parotid Gland: A Case Report.: Dae Su Kim, Chulhwan Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(2):112-114.

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Abstract PDF: A 51-year-old woman was presented with a palpable mass in the infraauricular area that had existed for 4-months. The mass from the superficial lobe of the parotid gland was 2.7 cm in the greatest dimension and was ill-defined with rubbery, homogeneous, and fibrotic appearance. Histologically, the lesion was infiltrative into the lobules of the paratid gland, and was composed of a proliferation of spindle or stellate cells with cellular and sclerotic areas. On immunohistochemistry, the cells were only positive for vimentin and focally for smooth muscle actin. Differential diagnosis from nerve sheath tumors and solitary fibrous tumors involving the parotid gland was emphasized.

Cystadenoma of the Rete Ovarii.: Eungseok Lee, Dae Su Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(6):555-557.

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Abstract: The rete ovarii is a rare site for tumor development. We present a case of cystadenoma originating from the rete ovarii of a 58-year-old woman. It was a unilocular cyst of 7.0 cm in size, lined by flat, cuboidal, or columnar epithelial cells supported by fibromuscular tissue. Papillary growth and crevice formation of the inner surface were characteristic. The presence of a normal rete ovarii was helpful in correct diagnosis.

Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor of the Sigmoid Colon.: Kwang Il Kim, Jung Yeol Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(5):451-454.

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Abstract PDF: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a distinctive disease with a multidirectional differentiation and an aggressive clinical course. It mostly occurs in mesothelial-lined sites, and tumors originating in the paratesticular region, pleura and central nervous system are rarely reported. We report a case of DSRCT occurring in the sigmoid colon of a 39-year-old man, which was difficult to distinguish from small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The tumor was characterized by small round cells with irregular nests, cords, or rosette-like structures in the striking desmoplastic stroma. Some tumor cells had a rhabdoid feature with eosinophilic cytoplasmic globules. The tumor cells showed immunoreactivity for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin, desmin, neuron-specific enolase and Leu-7. Electron microscopic finding revealed perinuclear globoid whorls of intermediate filaments pushing the nucleus eccentrically.

K-ras Gene Mutations and Expression of K-ras, p16, Cyclin D1 and p53 in Synchronous Lesions of The Colon Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequences.: Hwa Eun Oh, Seong Jin Cho, Nam Hee Won, Dale Lee, Insun Kim, Bom Woo Yeom; Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(4):291-298.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence represents a well-known para-digm for the sequential development of cancer driven by the accumulation of genomic defects. Although the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence has been well investigated, the studies about tumors of different dignity co-existent in the same patient are rare. K-ras mutation is an early genetic change in colon cancer. The genes involved in the cell cycle such as cyclin D1, p16, and p53 are important in the tumorigenesis of the colon. The aims of this study were to determine K-ras gene mutation and expression of K-ras, p16, cyclin D1 and p53 in synchronous lesions of the colon adenoma-carcinoma sequences and their possible relationship with K-ras mutation.
METHODS
The materials included 45 colonic adenocarcinomas which were accompanied by adenoma (22 low grade and 26 high grade). By using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), we detected K-ras mutation of codon 12. An aberrant K-ras, p16, cyclin D1 and p53 expressions were stained using an immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: K-ras mutation was 52.4% (11/21) of high grade adenomas. K-ras expression was 65.4% (17/26) of high grade adenomas. p16 and cyclin D1 expressions were 50% (11/22) and 90.9% (20/22) of low grade adenomas, respectively. p53 expression was 75.6% (34/45) of adenocarcinomas. There were statistical correlations among K-ras, p16 and cyclin D1.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the ras gene mutation is an early event and the overexpressions of p16, cyclin D1 and p53 are associated with K-ras mutation and expression in adenoma-carcinoma sequences.

Mast Cells in 10-Dimethyl-1,2 Benzanthracene (DMBA)-Induced Rat Mammary Carcinomas: Relationship with Matrix Metallproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 Expression.: Hyun Ho Lee, Ae Ree Kim, Bum Woo Yeom, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(4):306-313.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
It has been suggested that mast cells are involved in the tumor growth and progression by production of a variety of enzymes and growth factors. They were studied in the 10-dimethyl-1,2 benzanthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumors, and evaluated in relation with the production of tryptase, chymase, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9.
METHODS
Preneoplastic and neoplastic breast tissues of Sprague-Dawley female rats were obtained every week after DMBA treatment for 12 weeks. Toluidine blue stain was used for the identification of mast cells. Mast cell tryptase was studied by immunohistochemistry, and chymase by esterase stain. MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured by Western blotting.
RESULTS
The numbers of mast cells in breast cancers were higher than in preneoplastic tissues, and there was a positive correlation between the numbers of tryptase-positive cells and the tumor size. MMP-9 quantity was correlated with the numbers of toluidine blue and chymase positive cells, but not with tryptase-positive cells and tumor size. Both active and inactive forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were identified in zymogram.
CONCLUSIONS
The mast cells are increased in the DMBA-induced breast cancers, and their tryptase and chymase may play a role in tumor progression with or without participation of MMP-2 and MMP-9.

Study of Microsatellite Alterations of 3p and 11q Chromosomes in Uterine Cervical Adenocarcinoma.: Eung Seok Lee, Hye Jin Jeong, Hee Jeoung Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2001;35(2):137-143.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Uterine cervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer in Korean women, and the incidence of adenocarcinoma has been increasing. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis is used to identify regions which harbor a putative tumor suppressor gene.
METHODS
DNA was extracted from the microdissected normal and malignant lesions of 34 uterine cervical adenocarcinomas, 2 adenosquamous cell carcinomas, 13 squamous cell carcinomas, and 10 endometrial adenocarcinomas. LOH and microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis were performed using microsatellite markers, D3S4103 (3p14.2), D3S1284 (3p12), D3S1289 (3p21.2-21.1), D3S1307 (3p25-ter), THRB (3p22-24.1), and D11S35 (11q22). The expression of Fhit protein was compared with the genetic abnormalities.
RESULTS
Microsatellite alterations at 3p were detected in 37% of cervical adenocarcinomas, 16% of squamous cell carcinomas, and 43% of endometrial adenocarcinomas. The alterations of 11q were found in 17% of cervical adenocarcinomas. Microsatellite alterations of D3S1307 and D11S35 were detected in uterine cervical adenocarcinomas with high frequency. The frequency of FHIT protein loss is higher in the cervical squamous cell carcinoma than in cervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas.
CONCLUSION
Tumor suppressor gene of uterine cervical adenocarcinoma may be located in 3p25-ter and 11q22.

Metastatic Germinoma of Spleen from Perichiasmal Area: A Case Report .: Bong Kyung Shin, Min Kyung Kim, Han Kyeom Kim, Yang Seok Chae, Nam Hee Won, Insun Kim; Korean J Cytopathol. 2001;12(1):61-65.

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Abstract PDF: A 20-year-old young man who had undergone treatment for a suprasellar/perichiasmal tumor 2 years before, was presented with a huge palpable splenic mass. A fine needle aspiration cytology from the splenic mass showed dissociated large pleomorphic tumor cells having irregular nuclear outline, coarse chromatin, and one or two macronucleoli, and scattered small lymphocytes in fine granular background. Above cytologic findings were regarded as the characteristics of germinoma. Differential diagnosis from the large cell lymphoma of spleen was emphasized.

Histopathologic Findings, and p53 and K-ras Mutational Analysis in Biopsy Specimens Using Fluorescence Bronchoscopy.: Young Sik Kim, Seol Hee Park, Myung Hee Jung, Eun Chang Choi, I Yong Park, Han Kyeom Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(8):550-558.

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Abstract PDF: A fluorescence bronchoscope system has been developed for detecting early lung cancer including dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. To determine the histologic findings and genetic alterations of the lung tissues, which were biopsied by the fluorescence bronchoscope, we analyzed 104 specimens from 62 heavy smokers for their histopathology, cell proliferation index, and genetic mutations of p53 and K-ras. We used immunohistochemistry for MIB-1 and p53, and PCR-SSCP and direct DNA sequencing for p53 and K-ras. The histology was variable from reactive conditions to invasive cancers, and consisted of basal cell hyperplasia (26.9%), dysplasia (4.8%), carcinoma in situ (1.9%), squamous cell carcinoma (7.7%), adenocarcinoma (4.8%), and small cell carcinoma (10.6%). The cellular proliferation index of the lesions increased as their aggressiveness increased. p53 and K-ras mutations were detected in 33.7% and 14.4% of all tissues, respectively. In dysplasia, p53 and K-ras mutations were observed in 3 of 5 and in 2 of 5 tissues, respectively. However, these genetic alterations were not found in carcinoma in situ. Interestingly, 28.6% of basal cell hyperplasia showed p53 mutations. In conclusion, these data suggest that the biopsy specimens using fluorescence bronchoscopy show variable histologic findings, ranging from reactive conditions to invasive cancers. In addition, some of the dysplastic lesions are related to p53 and K-ras mutations, although these genetic alterations are also seen in basal cell hyperplasia.

Lymphoepithelioma-like Carcinomas of the Stomach Report of 4 cases associated with Epstein-Barr virus.: Eun Sook Nam, Duck Hwan Kim, Hye Kyung Ahn, Hyung Sik Shin, Young Sik Kim, Han Kyum Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(9):680-686.

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Abstract: Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) that histologically resembles nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma has been reported in various sites including the stomach, salivary gland, lung, skin, thymus, tonsil and uterine cervix. LELC of the stomach was rarely reported after the first report by Burke et al. in 1990. More than 60% of them were associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Most commonly affecting elderly Asians with slight male predominance (M/F ; 1.2/1), it usually is located in the proximal portion of the stomach and distinguished from lymphoid-rich adenocarcinoma by the absence of definitive glandular differentiation in the LELC. We recently experienced 4 cases of LELC of the stomach associated with EBV. Patients consisted of two Korean females and two Korean males with one in 3rd decade, one in 5th decade and two in 6th decade. The tumors of all cases were located in the proximal portion of the stomach. Gross types were 1 Borrman type I, 2 Borrman type II and 1 early gastric carcinoma type IIc. The size of the tumors varied from 0.8 cm to 7 cm. Microscopic findings were similar in all 4 tumors.; The tumors were composed of syncytial nests of undifferentiated cells having vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli, admixed with abundant lymphoplasma cell infiltration in the stroma. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the tumor cells were reactive for cytokeratin and the stromal lymphocytes were mostly T cells. There were dark hybridization signals in the nuclei of most of the tumor cells but no signals in the stromal lymphocytes in three cases on in situ PCR hybridization and on all cases PCR amplification for EBNA-1. It is concluded that LELCs of the stomach have distinctive histologic characteristics and the usual association with EBV. Further accumulation of these cases will define the prognosis.

Epstein-Barr Virus and p53 in Laryngeal and Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas.: Eun Sook Nam, Duck Hwan Kim, Hyung Sik Shin, Young Euy Park, Young Sik Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(8):551-562.

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Abstract: To investigate the correlation between EBV infection and p53 overexpression in laryngeal carcinomas (LC) and nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) in Korea, we analyzed 37 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas and 33 nasopharyngeal (11 squamous cell and 22 undifferentiated) carcinomas. We used the immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction-single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) for p53 overexpression and p53 gene mutation, respectively, and EBER-1 in situ hybridization and PCR using primer for EBNA-1 and EBNA-2 type 1 and 2 for prevalence and the subtype of EBV. The results were as follows; 1) The p53 expression was found in 43.2% of squamous cell LCs, in 54.6% of squamous cell NPCs and in 22.7% of undifferentiated NPCs. The p53 gene mutation was detected in 6 of 23 squamous cell LCs and 3 of 14 undifferentiated NPCs. 2) EBV was detected more frequently in undifferentiated NPCs (95.5%) than in squamous cell NPCs (63.6%) and squamous cell LCs (37.0%). Only type 1 was found in squamous cell LCs and NPCs, whereas both type 1 and type 2 were detected in undifferentiated NPCs. 3) There was no difference according to EBV infection (EBV+ ; 7 cases, EBV- ; 7 cases) in the cases with p53 protein overexpression but mutaion. From the above results, it can be concluded that squamous cell LCs and NPCs are associated with both p53 and EBV, whereas undifferentiated NPCs are more closely associated with EBV than p53. In Korea, both type 1 and 2 are detected in undifferentiated NPCs. Also, our result suggests that EBV infection does not seem to contribute to p53 overexpression. The interrelationship between EBV infection and p53 remains to be further defined.

Expression of Androgen Receptor, bcl-2 Protein and Rb Protein in Breast Cancers as Related to Prognostic Factors.: Hyun Deuk Cho, Young Sik Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(6):443-452.

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Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in industrialized countries and the third in Korean women. There have been a lot of studies on biologic behaviors as well as on the prognostic factors of the breast cancer. In this study, the expression of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ; ER, progesterone receptor ; PR, and androgen receptor ; AR), bcl-2 and Rb proteins were immunostained on 60 infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast. The results were evaluated in relation with the age, histologic grade, tumor size, and status of lymph node metastasis. The expression of ER and PR had a significant inverse correlation with the histologic grade (p<0.001). The expression of AR was significantly correlated with the expression of ER (p=0.039) and PR (p=0.009), but not with other factors such as age, histologic grade, tumor size, and status of lymph node metastasis. There was no relationship between bcl-2 protein expresssion and other prognostic factors, except with the expression of ER. Rb protein expression had a significant positive relationship with PR (p=0.05) and the degree of positivity was correlated with histologic grade (p=0.002). In conclusion, this result suggests that expression of AR is well correlated with ER and PR. bcl-2 has no prognostic value. The significance of Rb protein expression remained to be studied.

Infantile Myofibromatosis(Congenital Generalized Fibromatosis): Associated with multiple congenital malformations and basaloid follicular hamartomas in the skin.: Eun Sook Nam, Yoo Hun Kim, Han Kyeom Kim, Insun Kim, Je Geun Chi; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(6):776-782.

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Abstract PDF: Infantile myofibromatosis with systemic involvement is a very rare disease and is characterized by numerous nodules composed of spindle cells of a myofibroblastic nature. There are often disseminated throughout the subcutis, muscle, skeleton and viscera. We report an autopsy case of infantile myofibromatosis in a stillborn female fetus of 32 weeks of gestation. The nodules, Imm to 2 cm, were found over the whole body and viscera. The involved viscera were the heart, tongue, esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, portal areas of the liver, spleen anc pancreas. There were also associated malformations, viz., frontal meningoencephalocele, flexion defer-mities, syndactyly, cleft palate, agenesis of corpus callosum, pachygyria, diaphragmatic hemia, renal hypoplasia, etc. Multiple basaloid follicular hamartomas of the skin were noted on the face and extremeties. There are no previous reports in the literature of infantile myofibromatosis in conjunction with the above skin lesion and congenital malformations.

Epidermoid Cyst of the Ovary: Two case reports.: Hyuni Cho, Yu Hoon Kim, Eun Suk Nam, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(6):811-814.

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Abstract PDF: Two cases of epidertnoid cyst of the ovary are added to the ten reported in the literature. This rare lesion is usually an incidental finding. Its main interest is in its histogenesis, which includes metaplasia of the coelomic surface epithelium, monophyletic development of teratoma, and metaplasia of the rete ovarii. We investigated two cases of epidertnoid cyst. Histologic examination of the cysts showed a thin lining of mature keratinizing squamous epithelium rectum: unaccompanied by skin appendages or other teratomatous elements.

Immunohistochemical Study of Heat Shock Protein(HSP) and Estrogen Receptor(ER) in the Normal Endometrium and in Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium.: Hyuni Cho, Aeree Kim, Yung Suk Lee, Han Kyeom Kim, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(2):205-211.

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Abstract PDF: Heat shock protein(HSP), first found in the MCF-7 human breast tumor cell line is one of the estrogen-regulated proteins and its synthesis is stimulated by estradiol. In this study, immunohistochemical staining was done for estrogen receptor(ER) and HSP on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections in twelve normal cyclic and twenty carcinomatous endometria. 1) During the proliferative and early secretary phases, the nuclei of surface and glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells had moderate to strong staining for ER, whereas during the mid and late secretary phases, the glandular epithelial and stromal cells had weak staining for ER. The surface epithelial cells had positive staining of variable intensity. 2) From the early proliferative to mid secretary phases, the glandular and surface epithelial cells showed a positive reaction of variable intensity for HSP. In the late secretary phase, the glandular and surface epithelial cells showed a weak positive or a negative reaction for HSP. During the menstrual cycle, the stromal cells remained negative for HSP. 3) In adenocarcinomas of the endometrium, 8 of 11 (72.7%) well differentiated carcinomas were positive for both ER and HSP, while only 3 of 9(33.3%) moderately and poorly differentiated carcinomas were positive for ER and HSP. In conclusion, ER and estrogen-regulated heat shock protein(HSP) were closely related in normal and carcinomatous endometria and the reactivity was decreased according to poor differentiation.

Cytohistologic Features of Chordoma Arising in Thoracic Spine: A Case Report.: Seung Yeon Ha, Insun Kim, Sung Hye Park, Heum Rye Park; Korean J Cytopathol. 1995;6(2):199-203.

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Abstract PDF: Chordoma is relatively uncommon tumor comprising 1~4% of primary malignant bone tumors, and believed to arise from the remnants of notochordal tissue. Because of its occurrence in the thoracic spine, we report a case of chordoma in volving the thoracic spine. A 45-year-old male was suffered from chest pain radiating to the back. Chest CT showed a well marginated, round huge mass with multiseptated enhancement at the thoracic spine from T5 to T8 level, After percutaneous needle aspiration, piecemeal resection of the tumor was done. On cytologic smears. two types of neoplastic cells were arranged in sheets and cords in mucinous background. One type of cells consisted of medium sized cells with pink cytoplasm and round nuclei. The other type had voluminous bubbly or clear cytoplasm divided by intracytoplasmic septae imparting a feathery or basket-like appearance. Histologically, the tumor showed lobulated feature divided by fibrous septae and the tumor cells were pink eosinophilic or physaliphorous in morphology. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells revealed strong positivity for low(AE1) and high (AE3) molecular weight cytokeratins.

Diagnostic Features of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Pleomorphic Adenoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma, and Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Salivary Gland.: Eun Sook Nam, Won Bo Jo, Jung Ho Han, Insun Kim; Korean J Cytopathol. 1990;1(1):60-67.

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Abstract PDF: The evaluate the diagnostic findings of salivary gland tumors, we reexamined aspiration cytology smears of 7 cases of pleomorphic adenoma, 3 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma, and 3 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, performed during April 1986 to March 1990, which were comfurmed by surgical excision and histologic diagnosis. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. All cases of pleomorphic adenoma showed branching cellular clusters of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. Acellular elements including myxomatous and chondroid components were observed. There were no cellular pleomorphism and nucleoli. Keratinizing squamous epithelial cells and keratin pearls were noted. 2. The smears of adenoid cystic carcinoma showed cell balls or cell cords containing a central hyaline core. Nuclear atypism and the nucleoli were frequently observed. There were no keratinizing squamous epithelial cells. 3. The smears of mucoepidermoid carcinoma showed mainly sheets or clusters of intermediate cells and some mucin-producing cells. Some nuclear pleomorphism was observed. Mucinous material and many inflammatory cells were present in the background.

Endometrial Carcinoma Associated with Stein-Leventhal Syndrome: Two cases report.: Hye Yeon Kim, Insun Kim, Hye Rim Park, Kap No Lee, Seung Yong Paik; Korean J Pathol. 1986;20(3):374-377.

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Abstract: Stein-Leventhal syndrome is a clinicopathological entity characterized by chronic anovulation and sclerotic ovaries. Clinically, the affected patients typically present their third decade with a history of premenarchal obesity and postmenarchal onset of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, infertility, and clinical evidence of increased androgen production. In some patients, there are estrogenic phenomena such as menometrorrhagia with or without endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma. Several studies have indicated that there may be an increased incidence of ovarian neoplasia in polycystic ovaries. Recently, we experienced two cases of polycystic ovaries assotiated with endometrial carcinoma in premenopausal women, who had clinical characteristics of Stein-Leventhal syndrome; one of the cases had additional serous cystandenofibroma.

Clinical Application of EMA, CEA and LCA in Differential Diagnosis of Tumors.: Mee Ja Park, Insun Kim, Seung Yong Paik; Korean J Cytopathol. 1985;19(2):168-178.

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Abstract PDF: To determine the therapeutic plan and to predict the prognosis, it is a pivotal and important task to differentiate the exact nature of the various undifferentiated neoplasms. In order to solve this problem, the electron microscopy has once been considered only method in certain cases. Recently, however, the immunoperoxidase staining method which is less expensive and easier to usethan electron microscopy has been developed and introduced. To evaluate the diagnostic value of epithelial membrane antigen(EMA), carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) and leukocyte common antigen(LCA) immunoperoxidase method, the authors applied these staining in 15 cases of which exact diagnoses were difficult with conventional routine and special stains, using the formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The results are as follows: 1) EMA was helpful in confirming the diagnosis or revising to the proper diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma in 4 of 6 cases and in excluding the possibility of hepatocellular carcinoma and melanoma in 2 cases, respectively. The negative stainabilities in one case of choriocarcinoma and one case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma was useful to exclude the possibility of squamous cell carcinoma and the positive stainability in one case of giant cell carcinoma to exclude the possibility of sarcoma. 2) The diagnostic value of CEA was similar to that of EMA; CEA was useful to differentiate from malignant lymphoma in one case of epithelial tumor in which CEA was positive and EMA negative. 3) LCA was useful to differentiate one case of malignant lymphoma from undifferentiated carcinoma and to confirm Ewing's sarcoma from malignant lymphoma in one case.

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